JEWISH
EAST END OF LONDON PHOTO GALLERY & COMMENTARY
London's East End Synagogues, cemeteries and more......
My personal journey through the Jewish East End of London
The March of the 38th
Royal Fusiliers; when the spirit of Judah Maccabee hovered over the
Whitechapel Road, by Martin Sugarman,
Archivist of the AJEX Jewish Military Museum.
(A copy of this
article referenced to source material is available on request,
contact phil)
In 1917, after 3 years of
lobbying by both the British Jewish community and its many friends
in the wider community, the British government agreed to the raising
of a specifically Jewish unit to fight in the British Army in World
War One, against the Turks in Palestine/Israel. It was a momentous
and iconic moment in Jewish history as it would be only the second
time since the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem and the loss
of Jewish statehood, that an independent Jewish fighting unit had
been formed, with its own banner and later its own cap badge with
the famous Menorah and Kadimah design. But it was also the very first time that “a regiment consisting
exclusively of Jews will have tramped the streets of England
…history is being made in these days” as it was the Jews “whose
honour they have, in so large a measure, in their keeping”
The force was to be part of the
Royal Fusiliers, and was given the battalion numbers 38th,
39th and 40th, with 41st - 42nd
battalions as training Reserves. The whole force became known as the
Jewish Legion
or colloquially as “The First Judeans”! The Guardian newspaper even
alluded to the term “The New Maccabeans”To the Jewish community the nicknames “Royal Jewsiliers” and “Kings
own Schneiders” (or
‘tailors’ , as so many came from that then Jewish dominated
profession) quickly attached themselves to this astonishing group of
volunteer fighters; whilst the quip was made that they were adopting
the battalion motto of “No Advance Without Security”.
The role of Vladimir
Jabotinsky (known to British soldiers as Captain Jug O'Whiskey, as
they could never pronounce his name) in helping to create the Jewish
Legion is remembered in this United Israel Appeal poster below.
Born in Odessa, he became a member of The Zionist executive and one
of the founders of Keren Hayesod, the United Israel Appeal
.jpg)
Many later
famous Jews joined. Sculptor Jacob Epstein joined the 38th
as it was raised mainly from Jews in the East End of London, or
Jewish soldiers who transferred from other regiments. Vladimir
Jabotinsky (known to British soldiers as ‘Captain Jug O’Whiskey’, as
they could never pronounce his name!) was an honorary officer in the
38th battalion. The 39th came mainly from
America and Canada and even Argentina; the 40th were
mostly Palestinian Jewish refugees and included David Ben Gurion,
Levi Eshkol and Itzak Ben Zvi.
Many books have been written
about the Legion (see the reading list at end of this article, with
thanks to Harold Pollins) but this paper focuses on a major event in
the Jewish East End when part of the 38th battalion
marched proudly through Whitechapel and the City, on Monday February
4th 1918, watched equally proudly by the wild and
frenzied cheering Jews of East London. They were en route to fight
in Palestine/Israel and liberate it from the Turkish occupation.
The Times
describes how half of the 38th battalion, consisting of
four companies totalling 426 men with 12 officers,
had been ordered to return to London by General Macready from their
training camp in Plymouth, whilst under orders for the Front,
in order to parade through the City and Whitechapel.
They “marched through the streets amid scenes of enthusiasm……along
the whole of the route the men, whose sturdy physique and martial
bearing were favourably commented on, were heartily welcomed” and
not just by the Jewish inhabitants. Traffic was stopped and shouts
of welcome greeted them from City offices and the tops of buses. The
Daily Telegraph
described “scenes of enthusiasm”. And the Daily Mail
describes how “London’s Ghetto, refuge of generations of oppressed
Jews….rocked with martial pride…and the homage of the people from
among whom the bulk of the (battalion) were recruited”.
Commanded by Col. John
Patterson, DSO, the fiery, Judaeophile Irish Protestant from Dublin,
the men had slept overnight at the Tower of London. At 10 am (some
sources say 11am, the Daily Mail
10.45) , after an early morning inspection, they emerged from the Tower of London , in columns of four
abreast, Zionist flag and Union Jacks held high aloft, headed by the
band of the Coldstream Guards.
They were greeted with an outburst of cheering “……repeated as they
made their way, in inclement weather, via the mud of the Minories,
to Aldgate, Fenchurch Street and Lombard Street to the Mansion House.
With their Colonel at the front - who had also commanded the Zion
Mule Corp at Gallipoli 2 years before – the men carried full service
battle kit with packs and helmets slung behind them, and were
permitted to march with glittering fixed bayonets,
a special privilege granted rarely to any British unit in a City
area.
One observer noted that the two
Zionist flags were “of Cambridge blue and white with the Shield of
David and bearing the inscription in Yiddish (probably in Hebrew)
‘If I forget ye O Jerusalem, let my right hand forget its cunning’”.
In his Foreword to Jabotinsky’s book, published after he had died,
Patterson says Jabotinsky carried a Jewish banner at the head of the
Batallion.
Jabotinsky himself says, “…..tens of thousands lined the streets…blue and white flags over
every shop door…..old Jews with fluttering beards murmuring the
“Shechecheyanu”
…..Patterson on his horse laughing and bowing and wearing a rose
which a girl had thrown him from a balcony…and those boys! Those
tailors! Shoulder to shoulder, their bayonets dead level, each step
like a single clap of thunder, clean, proud, drunk with the National
Anthem, with the noise of the crowds and all the sense of a holy
mission…long life to you my tailors of Whitechapel, Soho, Leeds and
Manchester”.
The most famous photograph of
the men on their march, showing Patterson clearly and proudly at the
head of his men on his horse with one of his officers mounted behind him, though the image is
blurred, has the Colonel clearly with a broad smile on his face.
Indeed every man was smiling as they were lionised by the crowds.
The three marching officers, clearly seen on the film, shows two
with either swagger stick or sword , and one is wearing his
greatcoat, evidence of the cold day.
Clearly the crowd was huge as they seem to be pressed many deep in
the background, although it is not known where the photo was
actually taken along the route. The Daily Sketch pointed out that
“some (of the men) had already seen active service as was testified
by the gold stripes on their sleeves” (5/2/1918).
Colonel
Patterson leading the Jewish Legion on parade in the Whitechapel
Road
.jpg)
At the Mansion House (which the
Daily Mail said was reached by 11:15 am)
the Lord Mayor Sir Horace Brooks Marshall, accompanied by his wife
and City Sheriffs, took the salute from the balcony. Later the Lord
Mayor said “You can tell the Jewish Regiment and their friends that
I consider it was a magnificent muster. I am proud of them and wish
them God speed and good luck in the service of their King and
Country”.
The Westminster Gazette
remarked how the battalion received a special greeting by well known
City men as they passed the steps of the Stock Exchange!
The Jewish Chronicle opined, “He
must be a dull and unimaginative Jew who, without a glow of emotion
and pride could have witnessed London’s welcome to the Judeans as
they marched through the streets of the metropolis….trampling down
in their progress foolish fears and fictions…of those leaders in
Israel who frowned on the idea of a regiment of Jews and did their
best to spoil (it)…in a short while a band of Jews – ‘foreigners’
and East End aliens be it noted – from the workshop and factory,
have been turned into a body of smart troops - looking each one of
them every inch a soldier – and a hundred well-spun fables about the
race have been blown into nothingness. The Judeans are a living
refutation of many a silly legend that has clung to the name of Jew,
and the cheers of the London populace …..testified that the whole
edifice of calumny and ignorance - the work of centuries – had
toppled to the dust”. The editorial asked what now will become of
the “equally inveterate fables that the Jew can never become an
agriculturalist, can never build a State, and can never govern his
own land?”
From Mansion House the battalion
turned east and marched via Cornhill and Leadenhall Street back to
Aldgate
and on to the Pavillion Theatre in Mile End Road (which actually
stood at 193 Whitechapel Road, now a vacant plot near the corner
with Vallance Road). As the sound of the band brought masses of
people to the main road, around Aldgate, shouts of “Baruch haba”
(welcome) and “Come back beshalom” (in peace) were shouted in Hebrew
from the Jewish community. Mothers wept and handed little parcels to
their sons; fathers called out last words to their boys, pushing
through to them whilst on the march.
The Star newspaper described how one feature that gave great
pleasure to the crowds was the Guards band playing the ‘Hatikvah’,
“now recognised as the approved Jewish National melody”.
The Daily Mail, describing the men as “soldierly with spick and span
appearance”, went on , “But it was not until the battalion, in the
midst of which with the Union Jack, Zionist flags of pale blue and
white were held aloft, swung into Mile End road past Aldgate East
station, that enthusiasm reached its height among the crowds…The
battalion was now on home soil. Patriarchal Jews, Russian, Polish,
Galician, Armenian (?) with flowing beards with curly hair, jostled
dark haired Jewesses of all ages in an effort to gain the footpath’s
edge for a close range glimpse of ‘some of their own’ . From the
windows Yiddish greetings were hurled unceasingly, interspersed by
an occasional scream of delight as some mother, sister or sweetheart
recognised a soldier dear to her. Once or twice the battalion halted
on account of traffic congestion ahead and then there were hurried
but fervent family reunions on the fringes of the ranks. It was a
great day for Jewish London! The Jewish World newspaper
reported
“A non-Jewish labourer was heard to exclaim, ‘Well I never! I was
told the ----------- Jews were all shirkers.’.
At the Theatre, where they
arrived by 12 noon, they were received by the Mayor and Mayoress of
Stepney (Dr. Jerome Reidy and his wife), Lt General Sir Francis
Lloyd, Sir Adolph Tuck, Mrs
Hertz (wife of the Chief Rabbi), Mr James D Kiley Liberal MP for
Whitechapel, Chaim Weizmann (President of the English Zionist
Federation, and later first President of Israel), Mr Myer (Michael)
J Landa (Secretary of the Regiment Committee) , Mr H H Gordon and
W C Johnson , members of the LCC (London County Council) for
Whitechapel, and many members of the Stepney Borough Council
– seated on a dais in front of the theatre. Col. Patterson
dismounted and was taken onto the dais and introduced by Mr Landa to
the dignitaries. The theatre front was decorated with the Union flag
and Zionist banner and Jewish flag.
A catholic priest known pleasantly to the Jews as Av Horachmim
(sic - Father of Mercy, probably)
expressed his pleasure at seeing the Zionist flag, many non-Jews
describing it as pretty. For the local Jewish community, the spirit
of Judah Maccabbee truly hung over the Whitechapel Road. It was seen
as history repeating itself, as soldiers prepared to re-enter Israel
like Moses of old, the fulfilling of the ancient prophecy.
After a short time, the men
marched on via Jubilee Street and then turned back west on
Commercial Road and onwards to Camperdown House (Half Moon Passage),
the HQ of the JLB opposite Aldgate East station and also a huge
Jewish Community centre. Here, watched by an even larger crowd, the
men were formally inspected by Lt Gen. Sir Frances Lloyd when drawn up in Great Alie Street.
Young women hung out from windows waving at the men as they marched
by. Hundreds of Jews electrically responded to the cry of “Attenshun!”
; it thrilled them , giving them a new view of the lads of the
Ghetto, the glamour of the Maccabeans; they smiled amid their tears.
In his speech outside the hall,
General Lloyd complimented the men on their appearance and said he
“saw a battalion that would do great credit to itself and to the
country”. He went on to say this was by no means the first effort
that the great Jewish population of Great Britain had made in the
patriotic defence of this country, but they had concentrated on it a
special effort which would long be remembered. “I feel sure”, he
said, “You will prove worthy followers of the ancient Jewish
warriors….for the glory of the Jewish nation“. He wished the men God Speed and the fortunes of battle, and
expressed the hope that honours might be showered on them.
The men then fell out at 1.30pm
and had a kosher lunch
at
Camperdown House, decorated inside and out, with Zionist flags and
the colours of the Allied nations. Extended across the large dining
room in bold Hebrew characters was the motto “The Land of Israel for
the People of Israel”. The menu consisted of “soup, beef pie, apple
pie, coffee, fruit and cigarettes”.
Joseph Cowan (a leading Zionist) presided in the unavoidable absence
of Lord Rothschild, who had suffered a bereavement,
and many other prominent Jews were present including Lt. Jabotinsky.
Grace was said by Rev Solomon
Lipson, Jewish Chaplain to the Forces. Mr Cowan simply said “God
Bless you – mazel and beracha (luck and blessings) to all of you”
and the mayor added that he was “proud to see the fine well set-up
men marching through the streets of London”.
Col. Patterson responded to the
toast to the Regiment, by the Lord Mayor of Stepney, and also
acknowledged the good work of the Ladies’ Comforts Committee. When
he stood to speak he was cheered with great affection by the men. He
said that those who were “responsible for the setting up of the
Judeans were the true friends of Israel …their enterprise had been
long in labour but it had brought forth not a mouse but the Lion of
Judah …the whelps were all around” and he was “confident that the
members of the Regiment would acquit themselves like men”. He said
that in training the men had behaved impeccably and were “beyond all
praise”. But there was only one fault – there were not quite enough;
his passionate words resonating with Biblical undertones, he said
that he wanted not thousands but tens of thousands, and that if his
voice could reach beyond these walls, it would go forth to the young
men of Israel to “come and help us”, to which there were again huge
cheers! He described officers and men as “a band of brothers”.
They would “fight together”,
Patterson said, “and some of us may die together”, but “We do know
what we shall do together: we shall march on to victory”,
again resulting in huge cheers from the men and guests. Patterson
later told the Daily Mail,
“I have a fine, hard, well-disciplined and eager lot of troops. They
mean to give a good account of themselves whatever duty is assigned
them. I have not the slightest doubt that they will”.
The Chief Rabbi Joseph Hertz
then gave his Benediction to the men reminding them that every
Jewish soldier held the honour of his people in his hand; they would
be, he said, worthy successors of the ancient Jewish warriors – the
Maccabeans; the response was deafening! He reminded them that in
this great struggle British ideals were consistent with Jewish
ideals and quoting the Psalms asked that “The Guardian of Israel who
slumbers not , neither does he sleep, have you all in his keeping,
that he may bless your going out and your coming in, evermore”. And
then amid great emotion the Hatikvah was sung, followed by “God save
the King”.
After the lunch, the troops
marched - still accompanied by the band of the Coldstream Guards -
to entrain at Waterloo
(for Southampton docks, where they met the second half of the
battalion, to embark on February 5th).
They were decorated with the flowers from the tables at Camperdown
House. With a Sepher Torah (Torah Scroll) at the head of the procession,
given by Captain and Mrs Israel Fredman, the Rev Lipson had
presented it to the troops saying, “I give into your keeping this
Book of the Law, to be in all circumstances and at all times your
never failing guide…in the remote past, the Law went forth from
Zion; happy are you that take it unto Zion, to
establish the Sacred Land”. As the troops marched away, many
religious Jews lining the route manifested their traditional respect
to the Scroll as it was carried ahead of the marching columns.
Strong stuff indeed!
One un-named eye witness writing
in the Jewish Chronicle on Feb. 8th describes how the Zionist Flag
(today’s Israeli flag) was the last thing he saw as the train left
Waterloo station to “the lusty farewells of the men” amid the tears
of the waving relatives.
Tributes flowed in. The Lord
Mayor wrote to Lord Rothschild, saying how much pleasure he had in taking the salute at Mansion
House and how he was “greatly struck by their soldier like
appearance and the smartness and good spirits which they all
exhibited”. Likewise, Sheriff G R Blades wrote to Mr Landa in
similar vein. One letter in the JC (8/2/1918) reminded readers that
even the Daily Mail – “not among our best friends” – had stated, “it
was a great day for Jewish London…with martial pride and bearing
distinguished badges of service, the members of the Jewish battalion
marched past with smart military appearance ….to the admiration of
the crowds”.
Patterson himself wrote
“This march of the Jewish soldiers, unique in English history,
proved a brilliant success…the scenes of enthusiasm…rocked with
fervour….the people roared to welcome their own and …Jewish banners
hung everywhere”.
Equally some bile also flowed.
The East London Observer (9/2/1918) stated that “the military
authorities are to be congratulated on deciding” not to give the
battalion a “distinctive Jewish title, and to drop all the nonsense
about the Shield of David. The regiment will be known as the 38th
Royal Fusiliers”. However, they did add - under the avuncular headline “Our Own
Judeans” – that “no feeling need exist as to the exceptional
treatment accorded to the new regiment …because the circumstances
are quite peculiar and there was obvious advantage (adding the
back handed compliment) from a recruiting point of
view…the men bore themselves bravely and (they added
patronisingly) had in large measure assimilated some of the best
traditions of Thomas Atkins Esq.”. They go “to meet the Infidel Turk
who has been so long the tyrant of Jerusalem”. The Jewish World noted
that “the most telling (comment) was the disgusting letter from the
egregious Joseph Bannister which the “Globe” (newspaper) thought it
consistent with the ideas of the decency of English journalism to
print” (unfortunately, the author was unable to trace this pearl of
wisdom).
The Jewish Chronicle meanwhile noted
(22/2/1918) that the “tongue of malice is we know impossible to
restrain” and that even though every man was a volunteer, some “have
spread about two stories….that large numbers of the Judeans took
advantage of the march in order to desert…and that their behaviour
(on the march) was reprehensible…both are absolute unmitigated
falsehoods”. Meanwhile the editor of the Pall Mall Gazette
offered the following piece of priceless anti-Semitism as he
observed the Jewish soldiers; “….the heavy , high cheeked-boned
countenance of the Russian predominated, though there were a few
stubby round-headed figures which looked as though they had got into
khaki by mistake……their speech however betrayed the men more than
their appearance. It is a curious fact that in spite of their marked
linguistic ability, Jewish people may live in England almost all
their lives without losing that tell-tale accent”. Such was the
anti-Semitism of the time, and oh so ignorant and hypocritical! For
the British Bantam battalions which had lately been formed were made
up of the very short, stunted men of the industrial cities and
mining areas of Britain who had previously been turned down as unfit
for the military, as manpower shortages became so desperate and more
cannon fodder was required!
In total the battalion appears
to have marched over eight miles that day, including the last
section to Waterloo station. From Southampton they sailed on the SS
Antrim to Cherbourg and thence by train to Lyons en route to Egypt.
In conclusion, we should bear in
mind how significant a day this was in Jewish history. It is too
easy for Jews today, living in a country where we enjoy such freedom
and in a world where Israel is strong and well established, to
forget how astonishing it must have been, how hugely symbolic, for
Jews who had fled terrible persecutions in Europe, to reach freedom
in Britain, and witness a Jewish regiment going off to fight to
liberate Eretz Israel. And it all happened in Whitechapel.
Awards to the
38th Battalion
1 DSO, 5 MC’s (3
with bars), 1 DCM, 6 MM’s, 8 MiD’s
Casualties
1 officer and 31
men killed; 4 wounded
Acknowledgements
I would
sincerely like to thank the amazing Clive Bettington, Founder
and Chair of JEECS, for commissioning and inspiring me to write
this article; the Tower Hamlets Local History Library staff;
Harold Pollins, formerly Tutor at Ruskin College Oxford; staff
at the St James’s library, Westminster; the staff of the
Colindale British Library of Newspapers and The British Library,
Euston; Imperial War Museum Film Archives; Jenny Ruthven,
Special Collections, University of Southampton.
Appendix 1
Below is most of
the report of the Jewish World newspaper of 6/2/1918 page 5,
about the March; it says it all:
“Never before
has London beheld the proud sight presented to it on Monday
last, when some hundreds of the Judeans, as the Regiment of
Jewish soldiers has come to be fondly known, marched through the
City prior to taking their departure from England….this splendid
body of troops would have done credit to any section of the
British Army, either on the score of physique, of smart
soldierly bearing or of intelligence. Yet they were drawn almost
entirely from “foreign” Jews; they were made up of the oft
despised aliens; in private life they were just tailors or
cigar-makers, or some of the crafts that are plied in the East
End of London…it was a stirring spectacle to see these men
executing in excellent style a difficult turning movement in
order to wheel round to the Mansion House …….it was heartening
to hear their lusty singing of the Hatikvah , alternately to
their fine rendering of the National Anthem. And every worthy
emotion that can stir Jews must have been aroused when these
brave lads, with swinging gait, marched to their station to
their journey, to the Land of Jewish Hope, at their head as
their Regimental “mascot” – a Sepher Torah! In the annals of
London Jewry no event more pregnant with strains of thought more
redolent of the best aspirations of our people is recorded, than
this march of the Judeans. In the annals of this great country,
no event has happened reflecting more than this the true glory
and true magnificence of Britain, nor are more typical of its
real might.
The leading
members of the Jewish community who saw the admiration and
respect which the Regiment evoked from all sorts and conditions
of men and women on the line of route, the deep impression it
made upon the authorities, must have thought of their crassness
in opposing the formation of a Jewish Regiment at the beginning
of the war…even though these soldiers are not the best of
Anglo-Jewry, made up for the most part of Russian born Jews,
brought up and nurtured in conditions that do not tend to
physical prowess…it is difficult to think of what might have
been had a Jewish Regiment been given to the government, as was
proposed, for the great struggle. The march was the best, the
most effective, the most crushing answer to any anti-Semitic
gibe or any anti-Jewish screed”.
And from J B
Schectman’s , “Rebel and Statesman; the Jabotinsky story” (New
York, Yoseloff, 1956, pages 249-50) a political statement which
resounds to this day; “Now when Jabotinsky’s dream became
triumphant reality, both the assimilationist Lords and the
masses of the East End, who had so belligerently opposed him (Jabotinsky),
and reviled him, were ecstatic in their joy and
pride…..including Major Lionel Rothschild - one of the Legion’s
belligerent opponents – looking important and proud, taking a
delight in something he narrowly failed to destroy”. Patterson
added “the scene was unparalled in the history of any previous
British battalion…Jabotinsky must have rejoiced to see the
fruits of his efforts; the same day he had been gazetted to a
Lieutenancy in the battalion”.
Recommended Reading
Ben-Zvi, Itzhak,
The Hebrew
Battalions. Letters of Izhak Ben-Zvi, translated from the Hebrew
by Taffi Baker and Margalit Banayal, 1969.
Maurice
Bleifeld, ‘The historic march of the Jewish Legion ‘, American
Zionist, 68 (6), 1978, pp. 25-8.
Cecil Bloom,
‘Colonel Patterson: soldier and Zionist’, Jewish Historical
Studies: Trans. of the Jewish Hist. Soc. Of England, 31, 1990,
pp. 231-48.
Yigal Elam,
Ha-Gedudim ha-Ivriyim
be-milhemet ha-olam ha-rishonah, 1973
Roman
Freulich, Soldiers in Judea, Stories and Vignettes of the
Jewish Legion; NY, Herzl Press 1964, preface by Edwin Herbert,
Viscount Samuel.
Elias Gilner,
War and Hope: a History of the Jewish Legion, New York, 1969.
Rodney Gouttman,
An Anzac Zionist
Hero: The Life of Lt.Colonel EliazerMargoilin, 2006
Vladimir Jabotinsky,
Megilat Ha-Gedud:
sidur ha-gedudim ha-Ivriyim be-milhemet ha-olam he-rishonah,
1991
Vladimir
Jabotinsky, The Story of the Jewish Legion, 1945.
Jewish
Regiment Committee, The Jewish Regiment Committee: Aug. 1917, to
Aug.1919, Report, 1919. [Bodleian Library, Oxford.]
Zachariah
Kay, ‘A Note on Canada and the formation of the Jewish Legion’,
Jewish Social Studies, xxix, no 3, 1967, pp. 171-7.
J.H.
Patterson, With the Judaeans in Palestine, 1922.
J.H.
Patterson, With the Zionists in Gallipoli,1916.
Harold
Pollins, 'The Jewish Legion and the First World War', Jewish
Journal of Sociology, vol. 47, nos 1 & 2, 2005, pp.54-63.
Joseph B.
Schechtman, The Vladimir Jabotinsky Story, volume 1, Rebel and
Statesman, 1956.
Alan
Sillitoe, ‘Patterson the Zionist’ Jewish Quarterly, 28 (4) (no.
105), pp.16-18.
Cyril
Silvertown, ‘The “righteous colonel:” and the Jewish Legion’,
Jewish Quarterly, 32 (2) (no. 118), pp. 37-40.
Patrick Streeter,
Mad for Zion: a
Biography of Colonel J. H. Patterson, 2004.
Martin Sugarman, 'The Jewish
Labour Corps. A Vanished and rediscovered unit of the First
World War' (in his 'Two notes on Jews on active service') ,
Jewish
Historical Studies. Transactions of the Jewish Historical
Society of England, 2004, vol 39 pp.177-8.
Martin
Sugarman, ‘The Zion Muleteers’, The Military Advisor, Summer
1996, pp. 24-31.
Maurice Tarl,
‘Fighting Jews ... Colonel Patterson’s mob ... Jewish
contribution to HM Forces in the First World War’, Jewish
Chronicle, 14 November 1975, p. 14.
Bernard
Wasserstein, Herbert Samuel: A Biography, 1992 (re opposition to
separate Jewish military participation.)
Martin
Watts,The Jewish Legion and the First World War, Palgrave
MacMilan, 2004.
Photos of The
Royal Fusiliers:
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The Royal Fusiliers
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The Royal Fusiliers
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The Royal Fusiliers
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The Royal Fusiliers
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The Royal Fusiliers.The King's own Schneiders. Schneider is Yiddish for Tailor
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The Kings own Schneiders
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The Royal Fusiliers
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The Royal Fusiliers displaying the flag of the Zionist movement
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The Royal Fusiliers
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The Royal Fusiliers
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